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Does Technology Reduce Social Isolation?

Hundreds of daily updates come from friends on Facebook and Twitter, but do people actually feel closer to each other?

每天在Facebook和Twitter上都有朋友们数以百计的更新，但实际生活中人们是否感觉彼此更亲近呢？

It turns out the size of the average American’s social circle is smaller today than 20 years ago, as measured by the number of self-reported confidants in a person’s life. Yet contrary to popular opinion, use of cellphones and the Internet is not to blame, according to a new study released Wednesday by the Pew Internet and American Life Project.

根据互联网与美国生活专案周三发布的一项最新调查，在计算过美国人日常生活中自己认为的密友知己的数量后，事实证明当代美国人社交圈子的平均人数比他们20年前要小。但是与当前流行的观点所不同的是，这并不归罪于手机的使用和网络的普及。

In fact, people who regularly use digital technologies are more social than the average American and more likely to visit parks and cafes, or volunteer for local organizations, according to the study, which was based on telephone interviews with a national sample of 2,512 adults living in the continental United States.

根据一项调查表明，事实上经常使用数字技术的人比普通的美国人更具社交性，而且也更多的游览公园，光顾咖啡馆或更多的参加当地的志愿者活动。该项调查通过电话采访了美国本土大陆的2512名成年人。

The study found some less-than-social behavior, however. People who use social networks like Facebook or Linkedin are 30 percent less likely to know their neighbors and 26 percent less likely to provide them companionship.

这项调查也发现了一些不太符合社交性的习惯的行为，那就是，经常使用社交网站Facebook和Linkedin的人不太喜欢去认识他们的邻居，有26%的不喜欢和邻居交往。

The circle of close friends for mobile phone users tends to be 12 percent larger than for nonusers. People who share online photos or instant messages have 9 percent larger social circles than nonusers.

经常使用手机的人，他们的好朋友圈子比不使用手机者常常要多12%，在网上分享自己的照片和及时信息的人，他们的好朋友圈子比不使用者常常要多9%.

The study also found that people still prefer face-to-face communication as the primary means to stay in touch with friends and family (people see loved ones in person an average of 210 days a year). Respondents said that they were in touch via mobile phone an average of 195 days a year.

这项调查也发现人们更喜欢面对面的沟通，这是他们和好友和家庭成员保持联系的最重要的方式(人们一年中有210天会亲自看自己的亲人)。被调查者说他们一年中平均有195天通过手机和他们联系。

求一篇英语科普文章，英文版本及其翻译，3000字左右。

英语科普文章选——2004年十大科学发现

不久前，著名的《科学》杂志评选出2004年最重要的十大科学发现。这些发现中既有人类对神秘宇宙太空的探索，也有对身边熟悉事物的新发现。无论是何种的科学探索和发现，人类求知的愿望和动力永远都在推动社会的发展和进步。

Water and robots on Mars chosen as tops in 2004 by 'Science'

WASHINGTON — The conclusive discovery by a pair of wheeled robots that Mars once had vast pools of water and possibly could have harbored life was chosen by the editors of the journal Science as the most important scientific achievement of 2004.

Scientists announced in March that the Mars once played host to salty seas. This Mars Express image indicates water erosion.

NASA's two Mars rovers（漫游者）Opportunity and Spirit, landed on the Red Planet early in 2004 and have since found clear and conclusive evidence that Mars was drenched with（浸透） water at some time in its history.

The editors of Science, one of the world's leading publishers of peer-reviewed, original research, judged the robotic accomplishment as the top scientific "Breakthrough of the Year."

"Inanimate, wheeled, one-armed boxes roaming another planet have done something no human has ever managed," Science reported in this week's edition. "They have discovered another place in the universe where life could once have existed."

Nine other scientific achievements, including discovery of another species of human, were selected as runners-up, but Science editor-in-chief Donald Kennedy said "there wasn't much doubt about this year's winner."

Opportunity and Spirit found unmistakable proof of Martian water: rippled sediments（沉积物） that were once at the bottom of a shallow sea, and rock that once was so water-soaked that "it had rotted," the journal said.

"Their finds mark a milestone in humankind's search for life elsewhere in the universe," Science said.

Kennedy said one of the most important messages from the remote exploration is "the extraordinary efficiency of these robot missions."

He said it is clear that the National Aeronautics and Space Administration must not abandon its robotic exploration while gearing up for President Bush's program to send humans to the moon and later to Mars.

"To do one at the expense of the other would be a mistake," Kennedy said. "It remains to be demonstrated what a human exploration could do that we can't do now or couldn't do in the next 10 years with robotic technology."

The first runner-up for breakthrough of the year was the discovery on the Indonesian island of Flores of fossils from a species of tiny humans who stood about 3 feet tall and had a brain less than a third the size of modern humans. Yet, the diminutive（小的） hominid（原始人） lived about 18,000 years ago. This suggests that Homo floresiensis shared the Earth with Homo sapiens（人类）, or modern people. Science said some described the find as "the biggest discovery in half a century of anthropological research."

Third on Science's list of 2004 breakthroughs was the cloning of human embryos by South Korean researcher Woo San Hwang and his colleagues. The work was not an attempt to genetically duplicate a human. Instead, the researchers hoped to make embryonic stem cells for research purposes. Although many other mammals have been cloned, the work was the first to demonstrate that cloning techniques would work with human cells.

Following are the rest of Science's 2004 selections.

4. U.S. and Austrian scientists created a new form of condensate（冷凝物）, an ultracold gas that slips into a quantum state where a group of atoms act as a single superatom. The achievement was notable because it used fermions（费米子）, a class of atoms with a nuclear structure that makes it difficult to create a condensate.

5. Scientists discovered that "junk DNA," the base pairs between known genes in the human genetic structure, play an important role. Several research teams have found that DNA between genes helps determine how vigorously and often the genes are activated and shapes the coding for protein production.

6. Astronomers discovered a pair of neutron stars（中子星） locked in orbit of each other and spewing out beams of radiation. Both objects are pulsars（脉冲星）, rapidly flickering on and off with pulses of energy. One object is pulsing at the rate of 44 times a second. By studying the radiation, astronomers hope for the first time to learn about the density of matter within a neutron star.

7. Naturalists tracking the fate of wild species worldwide reported bad news. A survey of amphibians（两栖动物） found that of 5,700 known species, about 30% were at risk of extinction. A survey in the United Kingdom found that butterflies, songbirds and native plant species are all losing ground in the battle for species survival.

8. It is one of the most common and universally known substances, but researchers are still learning more about water. Several teams of researchers made new discoveries about how water molecules（分子） bind together and how electrons（电子） and protons（质子） dissolve in water. Some of the findings are questioned and Science noted: "Water still gives researchers much to scratch their heads about."

9. A new form of research and aid is creating "a revolution in public health," said Science. The partnership of public and private organizations worldwide is changing the way drugs are developed, tested and distributed to the poorest nations on Earth, the journal said. Researchers tallied at least 92 public-private partnerships worldwide attacking such diseases as malaria, tuberculosis and HIV.

10. Researchers have developed techniques to identify genes in ocean water or in specimens recovered from deep underground. Thousands of new genes have been found. By sequencing these genes, researchers hope to identify news species and, perhaps, learn how organisms survive in harsh and forbidding locations on Earth.

现代人的历史可追溯到约20万年前

Human Fossils Dated to 195,000 Years

摘要：

对化石的深入分析使现代人的历史可以追溯到19.5万年以前。

Researchers determined that the specimens are around 195,000 years old.

对化石的深入分析使现代人的历史可以追溯到19.5万年以前。通过对1967年于非洲埃塞俄比亚出土的人类骨骼化石进行新一轮的分析研究，科学家日前确定，这些化石的历史比先前认为的还要早大约6.5万年。这一结论说明，现代人类的化石记录可以追溯到大约20万年以前。

据美联社1月16日报道，科学家们认为，这些化石大约有19.5万年的历史，比人们以前推测的还要早6.5万年。遗传学研究曾推测，智人（即现代人）应起源于大约20万年以前，而这项新的研究结果恰好与遗传学研究结果相一致。

这些智人遗骨化石是于1967年在埃塞俄比亚的奥莫河（omo）四周被发掘出来的。出土的包括一些头骨和躯干骨的化石残片。当时，科学家将这些化石称为现代智人（Homo sapiens）化石，并将其历史暂定为13万年。

日前，美国纽约Stony Brook大学的约翰·弗利格尔和他的同事通过考察化石出土地点，并利用更先进的时间测定仪器分析当地的地质结构和岩石标本，他们发现这些化石应该具有19.5万年的历史。（其中答应有5000 年的误差）

科学家认为，重新修订的时间使“现代人起源于非洲”这一理论更具说服力。日期的提前让这些早期现代人有更充足的时间发展他们的文化属性，使他们从非洲大陆分散到亚欧各地。报道说，在此之前，被认为是最古老的智人遗骨化石是由美国科学家1997年在埃塞俄比亚发现的，该化石的历史约为16万年。

一个多世纪以来，智人的起源是人类进化研究中根本性的重大问题。许多科学家认为，智人与人类更原始的祖先一样，发源于非洲。但也有科学家提出，智人是在世界不同地区分别发展起来的。（王高山）

A new analysis of bones unearthed nearly 40 years ago in Ethiopia has pushed the fossil record of modern humans back to nearly 200,000 years ago perhaps close to the dawn of the species.

Researchers determined that the specimens are around 195,000 years old. Previously, the oldest known fossils of Homo sapiens were Ethiopian skulls dated to about 160,000 years ago.

Genetic studies estimate that Homo sapiens arose about 200,000 years ago, so the new research brings the fossil record more in line with that, said John Fleagle of Stony Brook University in New York, an author of the study.

The fossils were found in 1967 near the Omo River in southwestern Ethiopia. One location yielded Omo I, which includes part of a skull plus skeletal bones. Another site produced Omo II, which has more of a skull but no skeletal bones. Neither specimen has a complete face.

Although Omo II shows more primitive characteristics than Omo I, scientists called both specimens Homo sapiens and assigned a tentative age of 130,000 years.

Now, after visiting the discovery sites, analyzing their geology and testing rock samples with more modern dating techniques, Fleagle and colleagues report in Thursday's issue of the journal Nature that both specimens are 195,000 years old, give or take 5,000 years.

Fleagle said the more primitive traits of Omo II may mean the two specimens came from different but overlapping Homo sapiens populations, or that they just represent natural variation within a single population.

To find the age of the skulls, the researchers determined that volcanic rock lying just below the sediment that contained the fossils was about 196,000 years old. They then found evidence that the fossil-bearing sediment was deposited soon after that time.

Paul Renne, director of the Berkeley Geochronology Center, which specializes in dating rocks, said the researchers made "a reasonably good argument" to support their dating of the fossils.

"It's more likely than not," he said, calling the work "very exciting and important."

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